Iindlela ezintsha zoNyango zokuBuyisa uBuchopho

Ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza kwentloko, okufana nokubetha ngokukhawuleza kwentloko, kunokubangela umonakalo wezicubu zengqondo. Impembelelo ekhawulezileyo yentloko ngokuchasene nento engashukumiyo okanye ukwehla ngesiquphe kukwangunobangela oqhelekileyo wokwenzakala kwengqondo. Xa izicubu zobuchopho kwicala lempembelelo okanye kwicala elichaseneyo lingqubuzana nekhakhayi elilukhuni neliphumayo, liyakwazi ukwenzakala. Ukulimala kwe-Acceleration-deceleration ngamanye amaxesha kubizwa ngokuba yi-coup-contrecoup ukulimala.

IiMbonakaliso zeklinikhi

I-Post-concussion syndrome ibhekiselele kwimeko apho umntu elahlekelwa zingqondo okwethutyana emva kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ngokuqhelekileyo achache kwimizuzu engama-30. Emva kokubuyela ezingqondweni, isigulane asikwazi ukukhumbula iimeko zokulimala okanye iziganeko ezandulelayo ngokukhawuleza. Iimpawu zinokubandakanya intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, isiyezi, ukucaphuka, ukungazinzi ngokweemvakalelo, ukungazithembi, ukuphazamiseka, kunye neempawu zenkqubo ye-nervous autonomic ezifana ne-pallor, ukubila okubandayo, uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi, ukubetha kancinci, kunye nokuphefumla okunzulu.

Isiqaqa ngenxa yomonzakalo wokwenzakala kwengqondo inokwahluka ngexesha, ukusuka kwixesha elifutshane ukuya kwixesha elide. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuchacha kwi-coma ukuya kwi-conscious, izigulane zinokufumana ixesha lokozela, ukudideka, kunye ne-delirium. Inqanaba lengqondo liyaguquguquka, ngamanye amaxesha abe khaphukhaphu kwaye amanye abenzima.

I-delirium idla ngokuvela kutshintsho lwe-coma okanye ukozela. Kwezinye iimeko, indlela yokuziphatha eboniswa ngexesha le-delirium inokubonisa umsebenzi wangaphambili wesigulana. Izigulana ezininzi zinokubonakalisa ukunganyangeki, ukuphazamiseka, kunye nokungasebenzisani, ngelixa ezinye zinokuba ndlongondlongo. Iimpawu zinokubandakanya ukubona izinto ezingekhoyo ezoyikisayo, kwaye kwiimeko ezimandundu, izigulana zinokuba nokubhideka okugqithisileyo kwaye zibonise nokuziphatha ngokungxama kobundlobongela. I-Delirium inokuhamba kunye nezinye iimeko ezitshintshileyo zengqondo, ezifana nokudideka kunye nelizwe elifana nephupha.

I-traumatic amnesia syndrome ebangelwa ukulimala kwentloko ibonakala ngokuqulunqa ngesiseko sokulibala, kwaye izigulane zihlala ziphazamiseka lula. Ubude bayo bufutshane xa kuthelekiswa ne-alcohol amnestic syndrome.

I-hematoma ye-Subdural ebangelwa ukulimala kwentloko ingenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokulimala, ihlala iveza intloko kunye nobuthongo. Ngamanye amaxesha, kunokubakho ukonwaba kwemoto, kwaye malunga nesiqingatha sezigulana zibonisa i-papilledema. Iimpawu ze-hematoma engapheliyo ye-subdural subdural ibandakanya ukozela, ubuthuntu, ukukhubazeka kwememori, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, iimpawu ze-dementia ezibanzi. Ezinye izigulana zinokunyusa kancinci uxinzelelo lwe-cerebrospinal fluid, ukwanda kweprotheyini, kunye nembonakalo emthubi.

X-ray ifilimu ecacileyo

Qinisekisa ukwaphuka, ukwahlukana kweentambo zokakayi, ukuqokeleleka komoya ngaphakathi kwe-intracranial, imizimba yangaphandle ye-intracranial.

CT Scan

Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu, enokuthi ibonise ubukho kunye nobukhulu be-hematomas, ukuxutywa, kunye ne-edema, kunye nokwaphuka, i-pneumocephalus, njl. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuskena okunamandla amaninzi kunokwenziwa ukulandelela utshintsho kwimeko. Nangona kunjalo, kunokubakho i-pseudoshadows kunye ne-imaging embi kwindawo yangasemva ye-fossa.

I-MRI

Nangona kunqabile ukusetyenziswa kwisigaba esibuhlungu, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwiimeko apho izilonda kwi-fossa yangasemva zibonakaliswe kakubi kwi-CT. Inika umfanekiso ongcono wezakhiwo ezithambileyo ze-intracranial xa kuthelekiswa ne-CT kwaye ingasetyenziselwa emva kokuba imeko izinzile ukuvavanya ubungakanani bokulimala kunye noqikelelo lwe-prognosis.

I-Lumbar Puncture

Inokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-intracranial kwaye ihlalutye i-cerebrospinal fluid. Xa i-intracranial hemorrhage ihamba kunye ne-subarachnoid hemorrhage, i-lumbar puncture inokukhulula igazi le-cerebrospinal fluid kwaye ikwayindlela ebalulekileyo yonyango.

I-Angiography yeCerebral

Ingasetyenziswa rhoqo xa kuxilongwa i-cranial trauma, kodwa kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza xa kurhanelwa i-vascular pathology. Ukungabikho kwe-CT scanner, inokumisela ubukho be-hematoma esekelwe kwi-vascular morphology.

Ezinye iindlela zokuxilonga

I-Ultrasound, i-electroencephalography (EEG), i-radionuclide imaging, kunye nezinye iindlela zinokubaluleka okulinganiselwe kwaye azifane zisetyenziswe ngokuthe ngqo ekuxilongeni ukwenzakala kwe-cranial kunye nengqondo.

Ngokusekelwe kwimbali yokulimala kwesigulane, kunye nokuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo komzimba wonke kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous, ukuxilongwa kwe-cranial trauma kunokusekwa ngokulula. Uvavanyo olukhankanywe ngasentla lunokwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa.

Iingxaki

Ukwenzakala kwengqondo kudla ngokukhokelela kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhubazeka kokusebenza okusisigxina. Oku kakhulu kuxhomekeke ekubeni umonakalo ubekwe kwindawo ethile yengqondo (focal) okanye usasazeke (usasazeke). Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokulimala kwengqondo zingabangela iimpawu ezahlukeneyo, ukunceda oogqirha ekunqumeni indawo yokulimala. Iimpawu ezigxininisiweyo ziquka ukungahambi kakuhle kwintshukumo, ukuva, intetho, umbono, kunye nokuva, ngelixa ukonakaliswa kobuchopho kudla ngokuchaphazela inkumbulo, ukulala, okanye ukukhokelela ekubhidekeni kunye nekoma.

Ukwenzakala okukhulu kwengqondo ngamanye amaxesha kunokukhokelela kwi-amnesia, apho izigulana zingakwazi ukukhumbula iziganeko ngaphambi okanye emva kokulahlekelwa zingqondweni, nangona abo babuyela ezingqondweni kwisithuba seveki bahlala bekhumbula. Okunye ukulimala kwengqondo, nokuba kuncinci, kunokukhokelela kwi-post-traumatic syndrome, apho izigulana zifumana iintloko kunye nokukhubazeka kwememori ixesha elide.

Ukulimala okukhulu kwengqondo kunokubangela ukolula, ukujija, okanye ukukrazula imithambo-luvo, imithambo yegazi kunye nezinye izicubu ngaphakathi kwengqondo. Umonakalo kwiindlela ze-neural okanye ukopha kunye nokudumba kunokwenzeka. Ukopha kwe-intracranial kunye nokudumba kwengqondo kubangela ukwanda komthamo we-intracranial content, kodwa ukhakhayi ngokwalo alukwazi ukwandisa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, uxinzelelo lwe-intracranial luyenyuka, luphinde lonakalise izicubu zengqondo. Ukunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-intracranial kutyhala ingqondo ijonge ezantsi, inyanzela izicubu zobuchopho eziphezulu kunye ne-brainstem kwizithuba ezinxulumene nazo. Le meko ibizwa ngokuba yi-brain herniation. I-cerebellum kunye ne-brainstem inokuhamba ngokuvuleka kwisiseko sokakayi. Kuba i-brainstem idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ukuphefumla kunye nesantya sentliziyo, ukuqhawuka kwengqondo kuhlala kubulala.